The study of flammability and combustion characteristics of refrigerants is critical in ensuring both safety and efficiency for industrial and environmental applications. This field encompasses an ...

The HVACR industry is in the process of transitioning away from HFCs such as R-410A to alternative refrigerants that are mildly flammable (A2L). Because of their flammable nature, these refrigerants ...

Understanding the flammability limits and combustion characteristics of fuel–air mixtures is pivotal for both industrial safety and the advancement of energy technologies. These limits define the ...

Why are Lithium-ion Batteries Flammable and Prone to Explosions? Lithium-ion batteries are used extensively in grid energy storage, portable devices, and electric vehicles owing to their stable ...